Why Mitchell V Wisconsin Sucked Essays - Barry Goldwater

Why Mitchell v Wisconsin Sucked On June 11, 1993, the United State Supreme Court upheld Wisconsin?s penalty enhancement law, which imposes harsher sentences on criminals who ?intentionally select the person against whom the crime...is committed..because of the race, religion, color, disability, sexual orientation, national origin or ancestry of that person.? Chief Justice Rehnquist deliverd the opinion of the unanimous Court. This paper argues against the decision, and will attempt to prove the unconstitutionality of such penalty enhancement laws.

How any two functions of management can Assist an organization manage workforce diversity

How any two functions of management can Assist an organization manage workforce diversity Executive Summary The world we live in today is full of business activities almost in all sectors of the world’s economy. This has in some instances led to increased competition or demand and in rare cases both situations happen concurrently. As such, it is important that the modern managers are well equipped with the essential skills required in the management of these organizations (Valentine Woods, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on How any two functions of management can Assist an organization manage workforce diversity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is because of this, that the key management functions were laid down for the managers to follow in order to ensure the success of their businesses. Among the key functions of management, include planning, controlling organizing and directing. The aim of this report is to analyse two of these key management functions and determine how they can be eff ectively integrated into the business to achieve a diverse workforce. The report will be based on a fictional company in the banking industry known as the Urban Bank Ltd. Later on in the report, factors that hinder or support the implementation of the key management roles to achieving a diverse workforce in an organization will be looked. In addition, rrecommendations on how managers can effectively improve their skills to ensure a diverse workforce will be mentioned. Introduction Business has become an integral part of the modern society. Almost all activities carried out in each society revolve around businesses ranging from academic institutions, companies, banks, to churches just to mention a few (Valentine Woods, 2010). This is an indication of how important business enterprises are to the people in the society. However, for these businesses to be successful and overcome the current global competition being experienced, they have to be properly managed. The top rated personnel of the enterprise, referred to as the managers, normally carry out these management functions (Carrol and Gillen, 1987, p.30). The managers are obliged to carry out four main management functions, which include, directing, organizing, planning, and controlling. Other duties of the managers such as staffing and disciplinary may be delegated to special departments such as the human resources department.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This report will address two of the main functions of the management and analyze how these functions can assist an organization manage its workforce diversity. The report will be based on a fictional company in the banking sector named as Urban Bank. In order to address this issue effectively, data from related companies in this case, the banking industry will be used to make inferences. Such data is available from journals and compan ies’ publications. In writing the report, several assumptions will be made given the fact that Urban Bank is a fictional company. Some of these include, assuming the existence of the company in the real market, whereby Urban Bank will be expected to be trade its stock in the stock market. Background The Urban Bank Ltd is one of the latest entrants in the Australian banking industry. Just like most of the other banks, Urban Bank began as a money lending institution of the low-income workers in the country. As a cooperative society, it catered for the needs of the people with low income such as factory workers, workers in the construction industry and farmers among others. It operated as a cooperative society for 15 years before being elevated to the level of a bank. Its expansion eventually led to more operations, which required more workforces. This is because it now serves more people than it served before. Given this demand, it therefore, essential that the entire workforce of Urban Bank be trained on the huge task ahead, and how they can possibly handle it to ensure success of the company. In this, the report will evaluate two of the key functions of management and discuss them in detail before looking at factors that support and constrain the management in ensuring a diverse workforce. Lastly, recommendations will be made by giving suggestions to be implemented by the management team of the bank. Discussion An evaluation of the two management theories As mentioned earlier in the report, this section will evaluate two of the key management functions in organizations. These functions will be geared towards the achievement of a diverse workforce in organizations. The management functions to be discussed are planning and organizing functions of managers.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on How any two functions of management can Assist an organization manage workforce diversity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Planning is a crucial function of the management, which essentially entails looking at the future and determines the action to be taken in the present or later to avoid problems in the future (Management Study Guide, 2008, p.1). Several scholars have defined the term planning: â€Å"According to Koontz O’Donnell, â€Å"Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do, and who is to do it. Planning bridges the gap between where we are to, where we want to go. It makes possible things to occur which would not otherwise occur† (Management Study Guide, 2008, p.1). According to Urwick, â€Å"Planning is a mental predisposition to do things in orderly way, to think before acting and to act in the light of facts rather than guesses†( Management Study Guide, 2008, p.1). In planning, several factors have to be put into consideration including the determination of the available and prospective resources of the organization. These resources ent ail the human and physical resources. On the other hand, the organizing function of the management is responsible for bringing together the resources of the organization in a bid to achieving its goals and objectives. One scholar by the name Henry Fayol defined organizing as the provision of the organization with all its needs such as capital, raw materials, and personnel. Planning at Urban Bank Ltd Just as it is in other organizations, planning is the most crucial function of the management in the banking sector. Given the risks that are associated with banks, it is of essence that Urban Bank Ltd take the planning function with great significance. As such, all plans should be tested for their appropriateness before being implemented in the organization. For example, when it comes to the forex market trading, the bank is required to keep on making new plans given the outcome of the situation in the market. This means that the bank managers will remain on toes to ensure that the bank does not incur losses. It can thus be concluded that planning is an operational risk function of the banking institutions. Types of plans It is important that the planning function be carried out systematically given its sensitivity in the success of the organization. Once the management has laid down the goals and objectives it would like to achieve, they get down determining the types of plans to be put in place. The list of plans to be put in place by the management of the Urban Bank is endless.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is because of the many areas of operation within the banking system. Among the plans, include internal plans, product plans such as Accounts, loans and other products offered by banks, growth plans, investment plans, expansion and strategic plans (Berry, 1996, p.1). All the aforementioned plans are instrumental in almost all organisations with the only difference coming in the types of sectors. As for the case of Urban bank, it ought to put plans with regard to the services it offers to the public. For instance, the management should plan on how to attract more people into the bank by offering attractive interest rates. Other than this, the management should plan on the future investments to be made regarding the expansion of the bank among other developments. In addition to this, Urban bank is expected to put in place plans of providing training to its workforce, especially those that were part of the transition of the bank from a cooperative society. The plan should include t raining of all the essential duties of a bank, which are different from those of cooperative societies. Similarly, the workforce should be trained on being proactive given the high competition faced by banks in order to ensure the success of the Urban Bank Ltd. Environmental Audit Among the various issues that have to be planned by any banking institution, is that of the environmental audit. An environmental audit generally entails the valuation of management systems required to be put in place in order to ensure compliance to the environmental regulations. The environmental audits are carried out in a way similar to the regular financial audits carried out by almost all organizations. As for the case of environmental audits, they are of two types, which are the management systems audits and compliance audits. The compliance audits are carried out with the intention of determining if the operations of the organization comply with the regulations of the environmental bodies. The mana gement systems audit on the other hand is intended to determine if the operations of the organisation are in line with the organisation’s systems such as the famous ISO systems (Hill, Bowen, Soboil, 1997, p.27). Given the sensitivity of the matters of an environmental audit, it is important that the management of an organisation plan the process early enough to ensure its success. Similarly, due to the significance of the environmental audits to organizations, planning is a requirement to ensure the attainment of the goals and objectives of the audit. Therefore, Urban Bank Ltd has to ensure that proper planning of the environmental audits is done before embarking on the real process. Benchmarking This is yet another important duty carried out by the management of an organization through the planning division. In benchmarking, an organization compares the processes of its operations with those of its business counterparts in a bid to gauge its performance (Boxwell, 1994, p.22 5). For instance, Urban Bank could compare its results with those from other banks on the same level in order to determine its performance. From the data collected through benchmarking, an organization is able to know its position among other companies in the same industry, thus be able to fill any loopholes discovered. On the other hand, if the performance is okay, then the organization puts in place plans of making their performance even better. The Organising function at Urban Bank The structure of Urban Bank Ltd Urban Bank just like the other banks in the banking industry has an organizational structure whose duty is to ensure proper appropriation of the organization’s resources. The bank is structured in such a way that there is the front office, middle and the back office. In each of the three segments of the bank, different operations or activities take place. As such, different resources are required in each section. For instance, the front office is mainly composed o f the telling and clerical duties. Reception duties are also evident in the front office. This is an indication that the junior staff of the bank will be found in the front office. The middle office serves duties such as audit functions among other duties such as accounting. The back office is the most senior segment of the bank, which involves the top management team. As such, the back office is responsible for the key management roles such as decision-making. It is also important to note that the middle office acts as the intermediary between the front and back offices. HRM Resources The human resource of any organization is a crucial part of the organization as this department runs almost all duties. Despite the efforts of trying to automate almost all operations of organizations, there are still a big number of the operations that have to be carried out by the human resources. For instance, the banking systems have installed the ATMs for people to carry out their banking duties individually, yet you still find long queues in the banks waiting to be served over the counter by tellers. This is an indication that banks require human resource by a great deal. As such, the management of the bank ought to ensure that the human resources are properly organized to accomplish effectively the operations of the bank, hence its success. Factors that support and constrain the management in ensuring a diverse workforce During the execution of its functions in an organization, the management is bound to encounter factors that support or constrain its duties (Robbins et al, 2009). Some of the supporting factors include aid from the government, regulatory bodies as well as other organizations in the industry. For instance, in the case of Urban Bank Ltd, it may get the support of the central bank of the country of operation. This support could involve financial aid or advisory services, which will eventually lead to its success in the market. Some of the constraint factors include competition, insufficient information, the economy of the nation and uncooperative managers (Norman, 2012, p.1). These factors will prevent the functions of management from being carried out efficiently; something could adversely affect the organization from ensuring a diverse workforce. This is because in the event an organisation is not running smoothly, the workforce is also at risk. Conclusion From the discussion above, it is clear that the success of any organization is dependent on how it carries out the key management functions. In this report, two of the key management roles have been discussed, looking at how they can be effectively applied in organizations especially on the fictional bank, Urban bank Ltd in this case. Other than the two functions discussed in the report, all organizations should strive towards integrating all the key management roles for better achievement of the organizational goals (Robbins et al, 2009). As for the case of Urban Bank Ltd, its man agers should ensure proper organization of the human resources as well as proper planning of the organizational needs in terms of human resources in order to achieve a diverse workforce. For instance, the company should begin with training of the staff to make them acquainted with the new operations that emerged after the elevation of the bank. Recommendations The first thing the managers of Urban Bank should do is to plan on how they will train their workforce to suit their new status of a bank. The management should attend seminars of leaders in the banking sector so that they can get more information on the same. They should get down to benchmarking in order to gauge their performance. It is also important that as the company puts in place measures of ensuring a diverse workforce, it also find ways of overcoming the constraints of its goal achievement. This means that the organization should hold interactive sessions with the members of its workforce so that they may air out v iews on where they need improvements. Finally yet importantly, the management of the bank should find ways of motivating their workforce. For instance, they could give them incentives such as leaves, retreats, and gifts among others. Reference List Berry, T. (1996). The Different Types of Plans. Bplans. Web. Boxwell, R. (1994). Benchmarking for Competitive Advantage. New York: McGraw-Hill. Carrol, S., and Gillen, D. (1987). Are the Classical Management Functions Useful in Describing Managerial Work? Academy of Management Review 12 (1): 28-51. Hill, R.C., Bowen, P.A., Soboil J.H. (1997). The role of environmental management systems in construction. Australian Institute of Building Papers 8: 27-39. Management Study Guide. (2008). Planning Function of Management. Management  study guide.com. Web. Norman, L. (2012). What Factors Can Affect Planning Function of Management?  Chron.com. Web. Robbins, S., Bergman, R., Stagg, I. Coulter, M. (2009). Fundamentals of  management (3rd e d.). Frenchs Forest: Pearson. Valentine, T. Woods, M. (2010). Management in focus: The global financial crisis. Frenchs Forest: Pearson.

Three effects of the Industrial Revolution Essay

Three effects of the Industrial Revolution - Essay Example The workers themselves also took certain measures to shield their rights and interests – the most crucial of these measures is the formulation of trade unions. Apart from technological changes, the social system also changed. Prior to the revolution, the people used to live in small villages, and they worked as craftsmen or agricultural worker, and used to do mostly everything by hand. In Britain, three quarters of the population mostly used to live in the countryside and farming was the most prevalent and popular population. However, when Industrial Revolution came into being, everything changed. The revamped laws entailed that the grazing grounds should be fenced at the expense of the owner, this also led to the bankruptcy and unemployment of many of the farm owners. Consequently, there were also many people who were compelled to work at the new factories. This also caused them to migrate to other towns and cities, and as a result, they were closer to their new job. There we re obviously disadvantages associated with this: they made relatively less money for working long hours at a stretch, and the expenses which came with moving to an urban area was an additional burden. Therefore women and children were sent out to work as well because families desperately needed money to get by. It also proved to be beneficial in a way because the factory owners discovered that children were better at picking up things and could be molded more easily to the working conditions. They could also work in the mines and were small and supple enough to extract the coal, making them prospective and ideal candidates for the job (Doyle, 2). However,...There was one result of these conditions that relevant action was undertaken to safeguard the workers, especially women and children from the threats of the factory system. There were also certain laws that were passed concerning the safety standards and measures in factories, the age limit for the youth, and creating schools for those children whose parents worked in the factories, and also other measures for safeguarding the lives of the workers. The workers themselves also took certain measures to shield their rights and interests – the most crucial of these measures is the formulation of trade unions. Apart from technological changes, the social system also changed. Prior to the revolution, the people used to live in small villages, and they worked as craftsmen or agricultural worker, and used to do mostly everything by hand. In Britain, three quarters of the population mostly used to live in the countryside and farming was the most prevalent and popular population. However, when Industrial Revolution came into being, everything changed. The revamped laws entailed that the grazing grounds should be fenced at the expense of the owner, this also led to the bankruptcy and unemployment of many of the farm owners. Therefore women and children were sent out to work as well because families desperately needed money to get by. However, since the workers and children were over-exerting themselves at work, there was very little time for family interaction.

Outline chapter(4) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Outline chapter(4) - Assignment Example This is explained through the relationship of various effects that may accrue, from the innumerable studies that have been conducted. This means that sophisticated approaches have been bore during the past several decades that help in understanding effects. Next, Hattie sub-groups these consequences into various sub categories in order to understand the specification criterion that best explains the entire effect. For instance, he disintegrates the schooling process into components like students, the process of teaching and learning, other co-curriculum activities, the teachers in charge, the curriculum being used, stakeholders partaking the schooling process, just to mention but a few. With such sub divisions, they can be well understood in this individualized content. This just explains what begets the dynamic perspective of the schooling process. Hattie then establishes a measurement criterion for the varied observations made from the individualized sub groups. This enables them to be categorized in order of effect such that others are ranked as extreme, while others as mild. In general, the chapter outlines the individualized as well as the generalized perspective research methodologies encompassed in the learning process. A myriad of methodologies are explained and recommended as pertaining to any education process which, as a matter of fact, is

Leadership Evaluation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership Evaluation - Research Paper Example It can also be an increase in the number of new clients to the firm (Dive 2008). The next stage looks at the role of a leader in stirring a company in the right direction in the right industry. It looks at the CEO’s ability to translate the vision of the establishment to all stakeholders and to be able to communicate strategies to his team for implementation (Hughes, Ginnett and Curphy 2012). This category looks at the ability of the CEO to keep all interested parties in the know of the path the company is taking to achievement of goals and objectives (Hughes, Ginnett and Curphy 2012). Understanding the financial position of the firm is important for a leader and hence is checked on in the performance appraisal form. Such an understanding can only happen if the leader is in good terms with the board of governors of the organization (Marques 2007). Understanding the finances helps to reduce chances of misappropriation of funds. Sometimes an external audit helps to shed light on financial matters. It is important that the leader achieves financial goals set by the company annually (Marques 2007). A good relationship with other market players and the Human Resource at the work place is important for a leader to ensure a healthy working environment (Marques 2007). Understanding the products and services a firm produces is something every leader should have knowledge of. Without this knowledge then the whole vision of the company will be lost (Marques 2007). Lastly, there is a check on the personal traits of a leader. This includes moral values of decency, integrity and hard work. Tests on the ability of a leader to solve the conflict between different groups of people in the organization is important and to handle the employees with sensitivity where necessary (Storey 2004). A leader is supposed to mentor his juniors towards achieving their potentials and to groom his protà ©gà © to take over when he leaves. The form has

Analysing Herman Melvilles Bartleby The Scrivener Film Studies Essay

Analysing Herman Melvilles Bartleby The Scrivener Film Studies Essay Herman Melvilles Bartleby, the Scrivener is a multi-faceted short story. There are many different approaches to understanding and interpreting this piece of literature. One of the most intriguing interpretations is to see Bartleby as a psychological double to the narrator of the short story. Bartleby is a very unique character in the story, one which most people cannot seem to figure out. This may be because in the reality of the short story, Bartleby simply does not exist except in the lawyers mind. Many critics would argue that Bartleby is the mentally unstable character throughout the short story. But there is a good possibility that the lawyer is in fact the mentally unstable character, for Bartleby is only a figment of the lawyers imagination. Bartleby exists solely to provide the lawyer with an escape from the barren and impersonal society in which he lives. The lawyers unusual obsessive concern with Bartleby coupled with the fact that Bartleby has no known historical background is the perfect indication that Bartleby has emerged from the lawyers subconscious mind. Bartleby is seen as mentally ill because of his erratic and unusual behavior, but only appears this way to the lawyer, who in the short story is the only character with any substantial contact with Bartleby. Bartleby is also described as eating very little other than a few ginger nuts and never leaving the lawyers office. I observed that he never went to dinner; indeed that he never went anywhere (Melville 1100). These factors also strongly indicate the strangeness of Bartleby as well as his limited contact with the world outside of his employers office. These factors are all the more reason to believe that Bartleby has been conceived in the lawyers mind. After Bartleby refuses to work any longer as a copyist he becomes somewhat of a parasite to the lawyer. He becomes dependent on the lawyer for mysterious reasons. Other than the obvious reason that Bartleby needs a place to live, his relationship with the lawyer remains a mystery. Although clearly a love hate relationship, it is otherwise vague. Bartleby is also very persistent in refusing to leave the lawyers office or the lawyers presence in general. Despite the bribes and threats made by the lawyer, Bartleby continues to stand firm in his resistance, perhaps as an indication that Bartleby cannot leave, that is not his role. Bartleby serves as a boost to the lawyers ego. The lawyer talks of Bartleby as a charity case and refers to himself as a Good Samaritan type for allowing Bartleby to stay at his office and later at his personal home without pay. The lawyer is using Bartleby as a way to earn himself merit points. He says in the short story, Here I can cheaply purchase a delicious self-approval (1101). The lawyer so detests his profession that he desires to do some good in the world. Bartleby becomes his own personal experiment to do good works, while also challenging himself to go beyond the comfort of his Wall Street home. The lawyer also displays some odd behavior throughout the short story in relation to Bartleby. He places a screen around Bartlebys desk which could be seen as an attempt to close Bartleby off from the other employees as a method of compartmentalizing his unconscious figure. He confesses he wants to isolate Bartleby from my sight, though not remove him from my voice (1098). The lawyer also admits that Bartleby has a certain kind of hold over him that is not evident in any of the other relationships in the story. He admits that Bartleby has a wondrous ascendancy over him (1109). This further proves that the relationship between Bartleby and the lawyer is unusual at best. The lawyer believes that Bartleby is sent to him for a divine purpose by an all-wise Providence (1111). The lawyer is obviously not entirely lucid when thinking this is the case. He has conjured Bartleby up in his mind to escape the realities of the harsh Wall Street world he lives in. The lawyer is in a profession tha t constantly consumes ones time and also ones emotions. He needs a release and it becomes Bartleby. Unfortunately because the lawyer becomes so consumed in Bartleby his work suffers. He is not able to keep business flowing because Bartleby has refused to copy any longer. Bartlebys inconvenience and unreasonable attitude is brought to the lawyers attention by his co-workers, Nippers and Ginger Nut. They represent the voice of reason when they tell the lawyer that he is being illogical allowing Bartleby to continue to stay at the office while not being employed any longer and failing to pay rent. They try to shed light on the lawyers situation by telling him to get rid of Bartleby because he is useless. This evolves into an internal struggle for the lawyer because Bartleby has become in many ways his confidant and friend, I had a singular confidence in his honesty (1102). He has come to rely on Bartleby to be consistently present, he was always there; first in the morning, continually through the day, and the last at night (1102). It is apparent that although the lawyer should give u p Bartleby, he does not want to. Bartlebys role is also to criticize the world in which the lawyer lives. In his subconscious mind, the lawyer feels like he is caged by his profession. He is walled off from the world by Wall Street. The pressure of the lawyers profession is further shown by the description of the two eccentric scriveners he works with. Nippers and Ginger Nut cannot get through the day without a drink. They are obviously unhappy with their professions and frustrated with their existences. With Bartlebys refusal to do work, he is challenging the lawyer to do the same. But instead the lawyer underestimates Bartleby and unknowingly shrugs off the challenge. The walls in the story are symbolic of the limitations that both the lawyer and Bartleby feel. They entrap these characters into feeling as if there is no way out of the profession that they have chosen. Furthermore the walls can be symbolic of the limitations that society imposes on all of its members. Such limitations include rules imposed by the government, norms that everyone is expected to follow, and the thought that once a profession is chosen one must stick with that profession until the end. Bartleby is attempting to challenge these limitations by not actively participating in the society in which he lives, another internal desire of the lawyer. He ultimately fails by dying within the walls of a prison yard, symbolizing his inability to actively resist the limitations. Bartlebys continued refusal to do work within the Wall Street office mirrors the internal struggle in the lawyers mind. Bartleby resounds with his insistence that he prefers not to conform to the pressures and unhappiness of mainstream society. This attitude appropriately represents a voice deep within the lawyer himself. He wants to change his way of life but he does not know how. He envies Bartlebys ease of quitting in order to maintain his integrity and composure. The fact that Bartleby refuses to leave the lawyer is a further indication of the ongoing protest in the lawyers mind. Ultimately Bartlebys lesson to the lawyer is not heard because he is eventually dismissed and locked up in prison. His lesson fails to reach the lawyer because Bartleby is suppressed by society. The ending note of the story seems to be a warning that everyone must conform and stay within the limitations that society imposes. A warning of what is to come to those who question.

Comparing Araby and Genesis Essay -- Comparison Compare Contrast Essay

Parallels between Araby and Genesis  Ã‚   In the Bible, the story of creation occurs in the garden of Eden.   The book of Genesis tells the tale of Adam and Eve, whom God allowed to eat the fruit from any tree in the garden except for that of the central tree of knowledge.   Unfortunately, with the serpent’s deceitful encouragement, Eve enticed Adam to eat from that banned tree.   The fruit opened Adam’s eyes to the reality that he was naked (Gen. 3:7-20).   Interestingly, the second paragraph of â€Å"Araby† alludes to the Genesis account of Eden.   â€Å"The wild garden behind the house contained a central apple tree and a few straggling bushes.†Ã‚   Aside from commenting on the â€Å"eroded† isle of Ireland, Joyce uses this allusion to arrange the entire plot of the story: man trusts woman, woman tricks man, and man realizes his mistake.   â€Å"Araby’s† Eve is the beloved girl who is kept nameless by Joyce, while Adam is the narrator, an adolescent boy who is i nfatuated with the Eve.   Through an examination of the shift in emotions and thoughts of the narrator through a plot filled with trust and betrayal, the reader discovers that a person’s mind distorts reality by creating a fantasy environment.   Without any control over reality and emotion, this illusionary world imprisons the thinker.   In other words, one’s mind self-paralyzes.    According to the narrator, Eve’s character is an innocent and beautiful young woman.   Since the story is written in first-person perspective, all commentary and descriptions in the story are those from the narrator’s perceptions.   Although the only name mentioned by the narrator for her is â€Å"Mangan’s sister† (perhaps after the Irish poet), the girl is obviously the object of the narrator’s affection.   The reader is int... ...me-when our emotionally distorted world is proven false.    By the examination of the shift of emotions and thoughts of the narrator through the plot of trust and betrayal, the reader discovers that a person’s mind distorts reality by creating a fantasy environment.   Without any control over reality and emotion, this illusionary world imprisons the thinker.   The hero narrator, the Adam, is betrayed by woman, the Eve.   Adam’s emotions had distorted his perception; Eve was his only companion, and the loss of her would have been devastating.   Considering his emotions had trapped him, Adam had no option but to follow Eve.   â€Å"Araby† seems to be Joyce’s comment on the Genesis story.   Joyce indicates to the reader that Adam had no choice except to eat the prohibited fruit.   Adam was paralyzed, similar to the narrator in â€Å"Araby† and many other characters of Dubliners.   

Account for the continued existence of gender inequalities at work

Despite the laws and movements, women still do not enjoy equality in the workplace, in position or wages. In this essay I will discuss the origins of gender inequality in an effort to find out where this was first instigated. Initially I will talk about the historical motives of gender inequality and the work of the earlier women's movements and campaigns for equal rights in the early 1900's. I will then discuss various feminist theories of gender inequality, including recent government statistics. Finally I will conclude with my own viewpoints on gender inequality in the workplace in an attempt to discover why it continues to exist today. Ann Oakley 1981(cited in Haralambos and Holborn) gave a historical analysis of the changing role in society for women from before the industrial revolution in the 19th century to the 1970's housewife. Oakley says that men and women and also the children of the working class were employed in the factories. 1819 saw the beginning of the factory act that gradually restricted child labour. From 1841 to 1914 (the beginning of World War 1) women were seen as a threat to men and their employment. In 1852 women's employment was greatly reduced by The Mines Act which banned women from working in the mines, tradition said women should be in the home as a housewife and mother. In 1851 only 1 in 4 women were in paid employment by 1911 it was 1in 10. With the combination of these various acts passed and the growing restrictions on women's employment, more and more women began to stay at home but not by their own choice. Harolambos and Holborn 2000 p. 144) World War I saw many women return to the workforce while men were away fighting in the war; the economy needed women in the workforce even though they were paid less than they were worth. In February of 1918 the representation of people's act gave 2 Women the right to vote for the first time. Under this act only women over 30 were allowed to vote if they were householders, wives of householders, paying annual rent over i5, or graduates of British universities or women who were qualified although not graduates. About eight and a half million women were able to vote in the 1918 election. Women also became eligible to stand as MPs. Several suffragette campaigners stood for Parliament in the 1918 election. None were successful. Between 1914 and 1950 many women returned to work, but their primary role was still seen as that of the housewife/ mother, the industrial revolution had initiated many significant changes for women. Men were not happy about this as seen in the words of Jack Tanner: â€Å"We, as an organisation are opposed to the introduction of women as a general principal. â€Å"(Cited in Walby 1987). Braverman (1974) disagreed with Tanner saying there was a strong case for women being encouraged into the labour force, and that necessity for cheap unskilled labour was a requirement created by employers. Jack Tanner (at the time the leader of the Amalgamated Engineering Union in 1940) was doing his utmost to prevent women entering the male dominated workplace. The reason why men like Tanner should be so opposed to women to work in his male dominated union was not just because of their fear that women would work for fewer wages than men it was more a system of patriarchal objections which women's employment threatened to disrupt. Walby 1987 p2-3) 1970 saw the Equal Pay Act, which meant that women were to receive equal pay to men if they were employed to do similar work of the same value. In 1975 the Sex Discrimination Act was brought in to stop discrimination on the grounds of sex in employment, education and equal chances of promotion. Women in work i. e. paid employment have recently increased, between 1971 and 1997 (E. O. C. briefings, Work and Parenting) the percentage of women in work has increased so that women have now caught up with men in the labour market. The main reason for this is that more and more married women are going outside the home to work, although lone mother's statistics have dropped. (Harolambos and Holborn) 3 Sylvia Walby in Gender Transformations (1997) agrees with these findings, saying that since the 1980's integration of women in the male dominated workplace has increased dramatically, the number of women occupying higher ranking positions mainly in the professional and managerial careers has risen by 155% as opposed to a 33% rise by men. An increase in women's educational qualifications is seen as one of the main reasons for this remarkable boost to women's participation in higher ranking jobs. (Cited in Robinson and Richardson 1997) Norris (1987) says unquestionably women have always worked, but it is in caring for children and the elderly and the preparation and serving of food and looking after a household, known as unpaid labour, this has constantly been invisible in official statistics. One of the most significant changes for women in the labour force since the 1960's has been the percentage of women returning to the workforce and the decline of men's employment. Recently for every 6 men in paid employment there were 4 women, it has been predicted that these trends will continue to increase. However there are visible differences between some countries, in Scandinavia and North America, for example, women make up half the official labour force compared with less than a third in Spain, Ireland and America. In countries such as Canada Portugal and Norway the number of women in paid employment doubled. However in countries such as France, Britain and Germany, Women have been known to leave the workforce to start a family only to return in later years, this is known as the ‘M' curve. (Politics & Sexual Equality1987) Women in work i. e. paid employment has recently increased, between 1971 and 1997 the percentage of women in work has increased so that women have now caught up with men in the labour market. EOC briefings, work and parenting1997) The main reason for this is that more and more married women are going outside the home to work, although lone mother's statistics have dropped (Hood 1997) 4. Barron and Norris (Haralambos and Holborn2000) argued that there are 2 not 1 labour market as outlined below: Primary labour market is made up from good salaries, job security, good working conditions and good promotion prospects; secondary labour market is made up from lower paid jobs, less job security, lower working conditions and less opportunities of job promotion. These work side by side but it is near impossible for someone from the secondary labour market to be promoted to the primary labour market. Primary sector workers include professionals and managerial, highly skilled manual workers, secondary include unskilled and semi skilled workers manual and non manual workers. Dual labour market results from employers using these methods to keep the type of labour they require so incentives are offered to keep highly skilled in the workplace, secondary sector are seen as dispensable, easily replaced, no incentives for high wages, job security, or promotions is offered to them. The dual labour market can apply to both men and women but mainly women, who are seen as easy to replace and having no interest in learning new skills and less concerned with high wages. Men are still seen as the major bread winner and women's seen as having low status in society and not normally belonging to unions is one of the reasons why they are not as likely to aim for primary sector employment. Normally once a woman begins secondary employment there is little chance she will progress to the primary sector (Haralambos and Holborn 2000) Gender divisions and inequality has been linked to feminist campaigners who have tried to put an end to sexual discrimination and inequality in the workplace. The dominance of males throughout society is known as Patriarchy. Patriarchy explains gender and radical feminist explain male power. Radical feminists like Susan Walby in 1997 explains that ‘Patriarchy is seen as the primary form of social inequality' the domestic area is not the only one that women participate in. She shows how the idea of patriarchy is useful in explaining the relationship between women's restriction's in 5 he private and public area by showing that they work equally to achieve this dependence as well as maintaining patriarchy. Walby explains that it is men who are to blame for women's oppression; women are treated unequal because of their unwaged position in society and also because of household commitments. (Robinson and Richardson 1997) Recently in America there have been various discussions about the Glass Ceiling Syndrome and that there is a certain plateau that women can progress to in the workplace, then reach no further. Below are the three methods by which these are implemented; . Networking by word of mouth – most large companies fill vacancies through word of mouth connections, employees are sometimes identified and interviewed (at lunches, dinners or clubs) and then made an offer of employment outside normal working hours 2. Networking by Employee Referrals – an employee refers another employee from a group of (mostly) men mainly from within their own social group; this again does little for the promotional prospects of women. 3. Executive Search Firms – some companies use executive search firms to fill a large number of highs ranking jobs. Some companies have not made some of these firms aware of the equal opportunity obligations under the law. (www. theglassceiling. ) One of the projects that the government has recently introduced is the Work track Programme; this was said to benefit long term unemployed and to help them gain new skills and also to help them back into the workforce. It was said to be particularly beneficial to single parents (mainly women) with children as the family credit top up could be claimed. The downside of this was that it only lasted for 6 months. It created a false feeling of wealth and it was short term, the after effects are longer lasting. Personally I participated in this programme and although I thoroughly enjoyed my work experience it was very difficult to go back to income support. Many other non Work track jobs I applied for were not as flexible, wages were a lot lower and childcare was not as easily accessible, and there was also no follow on programme 7 either which would have been very helpful. On completing this Programme participants are informed that they will be ineligible to partake in any other Worktrack courses for the next three years. Personally I believe this is very unfair, on one hand he government is giving long term unemployed the opportunity to get a taste of what it is like to get back into the labour market, many of the women in this project had not worked for a long time either because they had stayed at home to raise a family or because of lack of skills or educational qualifications and just when they believe they are getting out of the poverty trap the government takes it away from them. Basically it looks to me like another way for the government rigging the unemployment benefit statistics to look as though there are more women in employment than there actually is. Unfortunately I can only account here for some of the reasons I believe exist for the continued gender inequality in the workplace today, in my remit of 2000 words it would be impossible to cover everything. It is, I feel significant and ironic that it had to be a woman, Ann Oakley, who undertook the first ever study on women and housework, she was incidentally told by her boss (probably a man) ‘to go away and come back with a proper topic'. (Harolambos and Holborn 2000)) In my research for this assignment I have to confess to feeling at times more than a little angry at the blatant and visible discrimination of women in the workplace down through the years. Gender equality in the workplace is still a myth that I personally believe will not be solved in the immediate future, although it has certainly improved in past few decades. I acknowledge that men have been somewhat discriminated against also but nowhere near the same level that women have been and not for such a long period of time. In an ideal world men and women would share equal rights, equal pay and equal status in all societies.

Sun Gods essays

Sun Gods essays You climb the steep stairs of the temple. As you look around, you see the blood of your fellow prisoners pooled on the floor. You see the priests. They are caked with the blood of their former victims. You hear the drums start. They will muffle your screams. The time is 1531. The place is the great Aztec city of Tenochtitlan. You are about to have your heart ripped out of your still living body to appease the angry gods. This is an example of sun worship. In some cultures, the sun was a blood-hungry deity that required human hearts to shine. To others the sun was the creator of the earth and every thing on the earth. The three most noteworthy cultures that had solar religion were the ancient Egyptians and Aztecs. All of these civilizations had a belief of sacred kingship and an extremely well developed urban culture. For example, when the Spanish conquistadors came to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan they were amazed by the city. "We were amazed....on account of the g reat towers and temples and buildings rising from the water, and all built of masonry. And some of our soldiers even asked whether the things we saw were not in a dream." 1 Their rulers governed by the power of the sun and their royal families believed that they were descended from the sun. Forms of sun worship still exist today, in the mien of some of Christianitys most revered holidays and our modern customs. "Cults of the sun, as we know from many sources, had attained great vogue during the second, third and fourth centuries. Sun-worshippers indeed formed one of the big groups in that religious world in which Christianity was fighting for a place. Many of them became converts to Christianity and in all probability carried into their new religion some remnants of their old beliefs. The complaint of Pope Leo in the fifth century that worshippers in St. Peters turned away from the altar and faced the door so that they could adore the...

Terrorism in Peru essays

Terrorism in Peru essays Peru has been plagued by terrorist groups for decades. Recent crackdowns under the leadership of President Alberto Fujimori reduced terror-related incidents and decreased the efficacy of previously prominent groups including the Shining Path and the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement: two of the most notorious and powerful Peruvian terrorist organizations. However, a 2002 car bomb near the United States embassy in the Peruvian capital has reignited fears of terrorist uprisings in the nation. Neither Shining Path nor Tupac Amaru has any known ties to al-Qaeda and their efforts and casualties remain primarily isolated to the nation of Peru. Moreover, Shining Path and Tupac Amaru remain ideologically opposed: the former is formed on Maoist communist principles whereas the latter retains ties to Cuban-style Marxist communism. Support for the terrorist organizations is weak within Peru, but their communist ideology appeals to many impoverished peasant farmers in rural regions of the natio n. One potential reason for the minimal but continual support for terrorist groups in Peru is their control of the drug trade; some of Perus farmers have profited from cooperation with black market interests. The staunch political and ideological differences between Shining Path and Tupac Amaru ensure the fragmentation of the Peruvian terrorist networks but fears of rebellion remain poignant political issues within the entire region. The American media might not rate the Peruvian groups as central targets in war on terror but any uprising could trigger concern. Militancy has been the hallmark of both Shining Path and Tupac Amaru, especially during the 1980s when their terrorist activities reached a peak. Together, the two groups have been responsible for tens of thousands of deaths and billions of dollars of property damages in Peru (Terrorism). Yet the Shining Path and Tupac Amaru differ significantly in their goals, their h...

Observation Journal#3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Observation Journal#3 - Essay Example Avery approached a structure meant for them to play inside and climb, that was in the playground and tried to climb in it with difficulties. ‘Teacher! Teacher! he shouted looking at the teacher who was with other children inside the structure. The teacher then pulled Avery up and finally he was in the structure. Avery started jumping on the play structure as he falls down. He was jumping as he is shouting and laughing at the same time. I have observed that Avery does not take much time on a particular place for long, but he keeps running up and down touching one thing and another within a short time. Avery saw another child leave the play structure and go to the slide that was just beside the structure. Avery then went out of the play structure and ran very fast towards the slide. He suddenly stopped near the climbing staircases of the slide. He was keenly looking at the staircases and other children as they climbed one by one to the slide. He then stepped on the first staircas e with his right foot. Seeing that it was stable, Avery began climbing up the slide faster as there was another child coming after him. When Avery reached the top, and now it was time for him to slide down, he got afraid and refused to slide down. He blocked the way for the other children who were enjoying themselves in the slide. Avery then moved on one side of the slide, paving way for the other children to pass and slide themselves down. Avery sat up there looking at his fellow children slide with a lot if ease. He was cheering them up one by one as they were going down the slide. Avery suddenly lost the grip of the walls of the slide as he was clapping his hands to cheer the other children. Avery began sliding down unknowingly. ‘Huuuu! Huuuuu! he shouted as he was going down the slide. When he was down the slide, Avery began running away from the slide area, towards his teacher. ‘Teacher, poop, Avery told his teacher. ‘Ooh, you want to poop? ‘Yes,

Organizational Research and Theory Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Organizational and Theory - Research Paper Example Organisations need a combination of some of these resources. If they do not need any other resource at all, human resources cannot be done without. In using various resources, they must be careful so that they use only resources that are of benefit to the organisation. They must also know when some resources are useful and when they are not. Of course, it must be noted that there may be situations in which one has to modify certain resources in ways that will suite one’s organisation. Above all, organisation must always remember that their goals, policies and programmes are important in the determination of how resources are structured. The success of whatever strategy an organisation adopts largely depends on the types of resources available, how profit is maximised and how losses and new resources are managed. As with many things in life, there are resources that are good for some organisation and there are those that are not so good for them. In determining what category re sources belongs to, both the leadership and the management have important roles to play. They must also be able to recognise the impacts have or are likely to have in the advancement of the set goals of the organisation. If perhaps the resources are not performing as expected, they must be able to work out ways in which these resources can be optimally useful. This is because the organisation’s success in the competitive market place strongly depends on the performance of resources. Nature of Organizations and Environment In any organisation, there must be members who of course are human beings. This is exactly what the above quote indicates. The nature of organisations has a lot to do with the nature of human beings in them. The human resources as well as the natural resources found in any organisation have to be modelled into the form that favours the organisation. Humans, as we have been created, are unique. In a similar way, an organisation is unique. This certainly means that it would be almost impossible to come across two organisations that are exactly the same in all respects. In the same light, the environment is often unique, however, it may it may not be as unique as the organisation itself. Whatever the case may be, it must be underscored that the approach adopted by different organisations are largely different, even if the circumstances and environment are quite similar. It must be understood that in any organisation, there are variety of groups ( just as there could be a variety of environments). The groups and the environments are of different kinds, while some are loose, others are unstructured and temporary. Yet they all have a purpose because that is the reason they were set up in the first place. One of the basic unchanging rules of organisational behaviour is that the structure (as well as the environment) determines how members of the organisation relate. Four Stages of Organizational